In this paper, the stress distribution of high pressure spherical pressure vessel for storing the inert gas is studied through the theoretical modeling, finite element simulation with Workbench and fiber Bragg grating measurement. The stress distribution law of the pressure structure under the condition of the work has been obtained, which provides the theoretical and experimental reference for the safety performance assessment. Based on the simulation experiment, the optical fiber Bragg grating is introduced into the stress testing of the pressure vessels under pressure structure. It has been shown that the fiber Bragg grating has good performance for the stress testing through comparing the experimental results with the simulation results. This proposed work has explored a new detection means for this type of spherical pressure vessel structure stress measurement.